The case of Pussy Riot has polarized Russian society, much like the Dreyfus affair (to which it has been compared) did in the late eighteen-nineties and early twentieth century in France. Over two hundred prominent Russian culture and arts figures signed a letter expressing their outrage over the travesty of justice. Over forty-one thousand rank-and-file Russians have added their signatures. Those defending Tolokonnikova, Alekhina, and Samutsevich include believers and nonbelievers. Even among the Russian clergy there are those who raised their voices calling for mercy.

But liberal priests are very few and are only found at low levels of the hierarchy. The top clergy are prominent members of the political élite, and the church and state are deeply engaged in mutually beneficial relations. Late last year, a new law handed over vast real estate to religious organizations (the Russian Orthodox church is of course the major benefactor), and Putin has promised government funding for religious schools. In return, the highest-ranking clerics have staunchly supported the government leadership and its policies.